PPO has a reputation for being the “stable” reinforcement learning algorithm. That reputation is mostly deserved. Compared with older policy-gradient methods, PPO is easier to get running, easier to debug, and less likely to destroy a policy with one bad update. But “stable” is not the same thing as “insensitive.” In a previous experiment, How Sensitive […]
K-Nearest Neighbors, or KNN, is one of the most intuitive supervised learning methods: to predict a new point, it finds the k training examples that are closest under a chosen distance metric, then uses those neighbors to make the prediction. In classification, the prediction is usually a majority vote of nearby labels; in regression, it […]
I broke CUDA matrix multiplication on purpose, fixed one bottleneck at a time, and measured which optimizations actually moved performance. CUDA optimization advice is everywhere: use shared memory, improve occupancy, coalesce memory, unroll loops, reduce synchronization, avoid bank conflicts. All of that advice can be true, but it is not equally important at every stage. […]
Introduction: A Paradigm Shift from Thinking to Acting The landscape of artificial intelligence has long been dominated by models that excel at thinking generating human-like text, answering questions, and engaging in nuanced conversation. In July 2025, Moonshot AI introduced a model built on a different premise: to act. Kimi K2, a new trillion parameter, open […]
DeepSeek AI’s latest update – DeepSeek R1-0528 (released May 28, 2025) – has turned heads across the AI community. This “minor” version bump actually brings major performance leaps and new features. According to DeepSeek’s own report, R1-0528 has dramatically improved its reasoning depth and reliability by “leveraging increased compute and new post-training optimizations”. Benchmarks show […]
Claude Code from Anthropic and OpenAI’s Codex update represent two leading AI coding assistants with distinct approaches to helping developers write better code faster. While both tools leverage advanced AI to assist with programming tasks, Claude Code differentiates itself with its terminal-based, local-first approach that integrates directly with development environments like VS Code and GitHub, […]
The world of artificial intelligence is being transformed by Large Language Models (LLMs). Reinforcement learning (RL) is a vital learning paradigm for LLMs precisely because it mimics human learning: taking action, receiving feedback, and learning from that feedback to achieve goals.These powerful models are capable of generating human-quality text, translating languages, writing different kinds of creative content, […]
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) Agents represent a transformative leap in artificial intelligence, enabling systems to dynamically interact with external tools, data sources, and services through a standardized framework. By bridging the gap between large language models (LLMs) and real-world applications, MCP Agents transcend static data limitations, allowing AI to access real-time information, execute complex […]
DeepSeek-AI, a name rapidly gaining recognition in the AI research community, has just dropped a significant bombshell: the open-sourcing of their first-generation reasoning models, DeepSeek-R1-Zero and DeepSeek-R1, along with six distilled smaller models. This move not only provides the research community with access to cutting-edge technology but also signifies a bold step towards democratizing advanced reasoning capabilities in […]
Tired of spending countless hours tweaking prompts for large language models (LLMs), only to see marginal improvements? Enter DSPy, a groundbreaking framework that’s set to revolutionize how we work with LLMs. We’ll explore how DSPy can help you dramatically enhance your LLM prompting efficiency and effectiveness. DSPy isn’t just another tool in the AI developer’s […]